"According to Post’s (1992) influential kindling hypothesis, major life stress is required to trigger initial onsets and recurrences of affective episodes, but successive episodes become progressively less tied to stressors and may eventually occur autonomously."
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"Is the longitudinal association between life stress and mood disorders static or variable? This question is especially important given data suggesting that risk of episode recurrence increases as a function of the number of past episodes (Kendler, Thornton, & Gardner, 2000; Kessing, Andersen, Mortensen, & Bolwig, 1998; Post, Leverich, Xing, & Weiss, 2001)."
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"A developmental psychopathology perspective highlights the importance of a changing relationship between genes, neurobiology, stress, and psychological factors in determining illness course (Miklowitz & Johnson, 2009). Consistent with this, Post (1992) formulated the kindling hypothesis of mood disorders. The basic tenet of the hypothesis is that major psychosocial stressors play a greater role in the initial episodes of a mood disorder, as compared to in subsequent episodes. The kindling model offers a developmental psychopathology perspective on the dynamic relationship between stress and affective episodes."
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"The kindling process occurs via functional and structural changes in neural activity (e.g., enhanced neuromodulator synthesis) that lead to sensitization of brain tissue. Post (1992) likened the evolution of stimulated to spontaneous seizures to the shift from stress-triggered to autonomous affective episodes in mood disorders."
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"Both electrical/chemical stimulation and psychosocial stressors can impact gene expression, imparting long-lasting effects on the organism’s reactivity profile (Post, 1992). Thus, in relation to affective episodes, life stressors may play dual roles: 1) an acute pathophysiological role, and 2) a stimulus that leaves long-term vulnerabilities, thereby lowering the threshold of stress required for episode recurrences. Moreover, mood episodes themselves may exert lasting effects. Through a combination of episode-related decreases in neuroprotective factors and increases in neurotoxic influences, individuals may be vulnerable to additional cellular damage with each successive episode (Post, 2007). Thus, as a function of psychosocial stressors and episodes themselves, lasting changes occur in neuronal functioning that mediate future stress responses (Hlastala et al., 2000)."
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"Therefore, according to the kindling hypothesis, major life stress is required to trigger initial onsets and recurrences of affective episodes, but successive episodes become progressively less tied to stressors and may eventually occur autonomously. "
From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3072804/
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